HIV researchers hope to make a vaccine from a substance — usually a piece of the virus itself — that will provoke the immune system into releasing virus-fighting antibodies.

HIV研究人员希望利用某种物质(通常是病毒自身的一部分)研制出疫苗，刺激免疫系统释放抵抗病毒的抗体。

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Some pandemic vaccines contain an adjuvant to reduce the amount of virus antigen to be used (an antigen is a substance capable of stimulating an immune response).

有些大流行性流感疫苗含有佐剂以便减少病毒抗原的使用量(抗原是能够刺激免疫反应的一种物质)。

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Fingolimod works by preventing immune cells from attacking myelin, the fatty substance that insulates nerves and helps them transmit impulses between the brain and the rest of the body.

Fingolimod通过阻止免疫细胞攻击髓磷脂而起作用。髓磷脂是一种脂肪能够隔离神经纤维从而帮助他们在大脑和躯体之间传导信号。

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Further trials will examine questions such as how the vaccine works in combination with the seasonal flu vaccine and whether including an adjutant, a substance that boosts the immune response to vaccines, can make it work better at lower doses.

CNN: U.S. trials for H1N1 vaccine announced

These are part of the immune system and, if suitably treated with a substance called a fusion protein, can be used to make prostate-cancer cells vulnerable to immune attack.

ECONOMIST: Treating prostate cancer

So Glaxo added adjuvants, substances that bolster immune response, including a bacterial wall extract and a detergentlike substance from the soapbark tree.

FORBES: Booster Shot